Learners who need second language proficiency to complete a qualification or get a job are likely to have

A - language anxiety

B - particular aptitude

C - integrative motivation

D - instrumental motivation

A heritage learner of a second language is likely to show

A - instrumental motivation

B - particular aptitude

C - language anxiety

D - integrative motivation

Making an audio slideshow presentation of a personal version of a story may be considered a constructivist learning task because

A - the resulting learner productions can be shared with other learners

B - learners construct their own representations of the materials studied

C - learners receive immediate feedback from the teacher on their errors

D - it provides a longer-term goal for learning vocabulary and producing utterances

Recent second language research regarding Krashen‘s input hypothesis suggests that

A - this hypothesis is entirely without empirical support

B - other factors such as output, interaction, and feedback also play a role

C - comprehensible input alone is not enough for efficient and accurate second language acquisition

D - communicative language teaching produces the best results

Constructivist approaches to second language teaching include:

A - audiolingualism

B - grammar translation

C - communicative language teaching

D - the natural approach

It is difficult to apply research findings on developmental sequences to second language classrooms because

A - different learners will always be at different developmental stages

B - not enough research has been conducted in this area

C - learners do not learn what they are taught

D - researchers disagree on the exact description of particular sequences

The researcher(s) most closely associated with the concept of interaction is (are):

A - Merrill Swain

B - Susan Gass

C - Mike Long

D - Elaine Tarone

Using one‘s own drawings to support the oral retelling of a story may be considered a constructivist learning task because

A - learners receive immediate feedback from the teacher on their errors

B - it provides a longer-term goal for learning vocabulary and producing utterances

C - learners construct their own representations of the materials studied

D - the resulting learner productions can be shared with other learners

With respect to interactive technologies such as the interactive whiteboard, it is important

A - to have one student perform in front of the class so that everyone can learn

B - not to confuse technical and pedagogical interactivity

C - to include focus on form activities as well as communicative tasks

D - not to allow teaching to become outdated but to adapt to new technologies

Second language research suggests that

A - an early start is the only guarantee of success

B - different types of instruction are appropriate for different types of learner

C - instruction has only a minimal effect on second language acquisition

D - instruction can affect the rate but not the route of acquisition